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 Beijing (help·info) (pronounced /be?'d???/ or /be?'???/ in English; Chinese ??; pinyin Beijing; IPA&_160;[pèit?í?]; Wade-Giles Peiching or Pei-ching) (also formerly known in English as Peking (/pi?'k??/listen (info) or /pe?'k??/)) is a metropolis in northern China and the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is one of the four municipalities of the PRC, which are equivalent to provinces in China's administrative structure. The municipality of Beijing borders Hebei Province to the north, west, south, and for a small section in the east, and Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.[6] Beijing is one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China.[7] Beijing is China's second largest city, after Shanghai.[8] Beijing is a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads and motorways passing through the city. It is also the focal point of many international flights to China. Beijing is recognised as the political, educational, and cultural center of the People's Republic of China,[8] while Shanghai and Hong Kong predominate in economic fields.[9][10][11] The city hosted the 2008 Olympic Games. Few cities in the world besides Beijing have served as the political and cultural centre of an area as immense as China for so long.[12] The Encyclopædia Britannica describes it as, "One of the world's great cities,"[13] and declares that the city has been an integral part of China’s history for centuries, and there is scarcely a major building of any age in Beijing that doesn't have at least some national historical significance.[12] Beijing is renowned for its opulent palaces, temples, and huge stone walls and gates.[14] Its art treasures and universities have long made the city a centre of culture and art in China.[14] Beijing or Peking (??) means "northern capital", in line with the common East Asian tradition whereby capital cities are explicitly named as such. Other cities that are similarly named include Nanjing (??), China, meaning "southern capital"; Tokyo (??), Japan, and Ðông Kinh (Chinese ??, now Hanoi), Vietnam, both meaning "eastern capital"; as well as Kyoto (??), Japan, and (??; now Seoul), Korea, both meaning simply "capital".
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