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The Book of Optics (Arabic Kitab al-Manazir; Latin De Aspectibus or Opticae Thesaurus Alhazeni Arabis) was a seven-volume treatise on optics, physics, mathematics, anatomy and psychology written by the Iraqi Muslim scientist Ibn al-Haytham (in Europe Latinized as Alhacen or Alhazen) in 1011–21, when he was under house arrest in Cairo, Egypt. The book had an important influence on the development of optics, as it laid the foundations for modern physical optics after drastically transforming the way in which light and vision had been understood, and on science in general with its introduction of the experimental scientific method. Ibn al-Haytham has been called the "father of modern optics",[1] the "pioneer of the modern scientific method,"[2] and the founder of experimental physics,[3] and for these reasons he has been described as the "first scientist."[4] The Book of Optics has been ranked alongside Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica as one of the most influential books in the history of physics,[5] as it is widely considered to have initiated a revolution in the fields of optics and visual perception.[6][7][8][9][10][11] It established experimentation as the norm of proof in optics,[2] and gave optics a physico-mathematical conception at a much earlier date than the other mathematical disciplines of astronomy and mechanics.[12] The Book of Optics also contains the earliest discussions and descriptions of the psychology of visual perception and optical illusions,[13] as well as experimental psychology,[14] and the first accurate descriptions of the camera obscura, a precursor to the modern camera.[15] In medicine and ophthalmology, the book also made important advances in eye surgery, as it correctly explained the process of sight for the first time.[16] The work also had an influence on the use of optical aids in Renaissance art and the development of the telescope and microscope.[17]
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