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China (traditional Chinese ??; simplified Chinese ??; Hanyu Pinyin Zhongguó&_160;(help·info); Tongyong Pinyin Jhongguó; Wade-Giles (Mandarin) Chung¹kuo²) is a cultural region, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia. China has one of the world's oldest people and continuous civilizations, consisting of states and cultures dating back more than six millennia. It has the world's longest continuously used written language system, and is the source of many major inventions, such as what the British scholar and biochemist Joseph Needham called the "four great inventions of Ancient China" paper, the compass, gunpowder, and printing. Historically, China's cultural sphere has extended across East Asia as a whole, with Chinese religion, customs, and writing systems being adopted to varying degrees by neighbors such as Japan, Korea and Vietnam. The last Chinese Civil War has resulted in two political entities using the name China China is known as 'Zhongguó' in Mandarin and pinyin (?? in traditional chinese or ?? in simplified chinese). The character zhong means "middle" or central; the letter, guó, means land, kingdom or country. An appropriate English translation would be "middle kingdom".
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