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The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation.[1] The "electromagnetic spectrum" (usually just spectrum) of an object is the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation from that particular object. The electromagnetic spectrum extends from below the frequencies used for modern radio (at the long-wavelength end) through gamma radiation (at the short-wavelength end), covering wavelengths from thousands of kilometres down to a fraction the size of an atom. It's thought that the short wavelength limit is the vicinity of the Planck length, and the long wavelength limit is the size of the universe itself (see physical cosmology), although in principle the spectrum is infinite and continuous. The spectrum covers EM wave energy having wavelengths from thousands of meters down to fractions of the size of an atom. Frequencies of 30 Hz and below can be produced by and are important in the study of certain stellar nebulae[5] and frequencies as high as 2.9 * 1027 Hz have been detected from astrophysical sources.[6] Electromagnetic energy at a particular wavelength ? (in vacuum) has an associated frequency f and photon energy E. Thus, the electromagnetic spectrum may be expressed equally well in terms of any of these three quantities. They are related by the equations
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