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Sociology is a relatively new academic discipline among other social sciences including economics, political science, anthropology, and psychology. The ideas behind it, however, have a long history and can trace their origins to a mixture of common human knowledge, works of art and philosophy. Sociological reasoning can be traced back to ancient Greece (cf. Xenophanes' remark "If horses would adore gods, these gods would resemble horses"). Sociological observations are frequently to be found e.g. in the works of Herodotus, Thucydides, and Polybius. There is evidence of early Muslim sociology from the 14th century Ibn Khaldun, in his Muqaddimah (later translated as Prolegomena in Latin), the introduction to a seven volume analysis of universal history, was the first to advance social philosophy in formulating theories of social cohesion and social conflict. Sociology as a scientific discipline emerged in the early 19th century as an academic response to the challenge of modernity as the world is becoming smaller and more integrated, people's experience of the world is increasingly atomized and dispersed. Sociologists hoped not only to understand what held social groups together, but also to develop an "antidote" to social disintegration and exploitation.
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