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Part of a series on Islam
Usul al-fiqh
(The Roots of Jurisprudence) An ijazah is a certificate used primarily by Muslims to indicate that one has been authorized by a higher authority to transmit a certain subject or text of Islamic knowledge. This usually implies that the student has learned this knowledge through face-to-face interactions "at the feet" of the teacher. In a paper titled Traditionalism in Islam An Essay in Interpretation,[1] Harvard professor William A. Graham explains the ijazah system as follows The Ijazah qualification appeared from the 9th century and is considered to be the first academic degree. The first higher education institutions to award an Ijazah in the 9th century, namely the Madrasah, Jami`ah and Bimaristan institutions,[2][3] are thus considered the first colleges, universities and medical schools respectively.[2] The University of Al Karaouine in Fez, Morocco is thus recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest degree-granting university in the world with its founding in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri.[4]
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