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United Kingdom
&_160;Austria^[a]
&_160;Russia^[b]
Prussia^[a]
&_160;Spain^[c]
Portugal
Sicily^[d]
Sardinia
&_160;Sweden^[e]
Hanover
United Kingdom of the Netherlands
Nassau
French Royalists(1815)
Brunswick

The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts involving Napoleon's French Empire and changing sets of European allies and opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815. As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, they revolutionized European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly due to the application of modern mass conscription. French power rose quickly, conquering most of Europe, but collapsed rapidly after France's disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812. Napoleon's empire ultimately suffered complete military defeat, resulting in the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in France. The wars resulted in the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. Meanwhile the Spanish Empire began to unravel as French occupation of Spain weakened Spain's hold over its colonies, providing an opening for nationalist revolutions in Latin America.

No consensus exists as to when the French Revolutionary Wars ended and the Napoleonic Wars began. Possible dates include 9 November 1799, when Bonaparte seized power in France;^{[citation needed]} 18 May 1803, when Britain and France ended the only period of peace in Europe between 1792 and 1814,^{[citation needed]} and 2 December 1804, when Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor.^{[citation needed]}

The Napoleonic Wars ended following Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo (18 June 1815) and the Second Treaty of Paris. Some sources (in the United Kingdom) occasionally refer to the nearly continuous period of warfare from 1792 to 1815 as the Great French War, or as the final phase of the Anglo-French Second Hundred Years' War,^[1][2][3] spanning the period 1689 to 1815.

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