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North India Different authorities and sources in literature define North India differently. The Government of India defines the North India Cultural Zone as including the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan, as well as the Union Territory of Chandigarh.[1] There is an overlapping neighboring region, called the North Central India Cultural Zone, including the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Delhi, that is also defined by the Indian Government.[2] The states of Bihar and Jharkhand are also included in the East India Cultural Zone,[3] and some publications of the Government of Bihar place that state in the eastern part of India as well.[4] Similarly, Rajasthan is also included in the West India Cultual Zone,[5] and the states of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh are also included in the South Central India Cultural Zone.[2] The delineation of North India by language is varied as well. It can range from the Hindi Heartland, where Hindi and related languages predominate, to those regions of India where Indo-Aryan languages predominate. Prior to the Partition of India, this included the Pakistani provinces of Sindh[6] and Punjab, and the eastern portion of the North West Frontier Province up to Peshawar valley where Punjabi dialects and Hindko are spoken.[7] This effectively excludes several of the seven North-East states (except for Assam and Sikkim).
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