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Overtime is an additional period of play specified under the rules of a sport in order to bring the game to a decision and avoid declaring the contest a tie or draw. Some sports refer to additional tie-breaking periods as extra time. In association football (soccer) matches that require a clear winner (such as in elimination matches in the knockout stages of a tournament), if the score is tied at the end of the two standard playing periods (usually 45min), two periods of extra time (usually 15min) may be played. The Golden Goal rule may also be used; whereby the first teams to score during the two 15 minute periods of extra time is immediately deemed the winner. The Silver Goal is much rarer than any of the other methods of settling a draw and consists of one 15 minute period of extra time being played. At the end of this period, the team with the most goals wins. If there is no leading team at the end of the 15 minute period, a second period of 15 minutes is played. After any of these methods of tie-breaking have been used, if the scores are still level penalty shootouts may be used to declare who will proceed to the next stage. In professional American football, if the score is tied after regulation time has concluded, an additional 15-minute period is played. The captains meet with the officials for a coin toss, and then one side kicks off to the other, as at the start of a game. The first side to score by any means wins (called in recent years a "walk-off"). In the regular season, if the overtime period is completed without either side scoring, the game ends in a tie. Because there can not be a tie in the playoffs, the teams switch ends of the field and start an additional 15-minute overtime period. The game is continued until one side scores. The NFL introduced overtime for the playoffs in 1941, and started in pre-season games in 1955. The Arena Football League uses a variant in which each team is guaranteed one possession. In college and high school football, as well as the Canadian Football League, an overtime procedure is used to determine the winner. This method is sometimes referred to as a "Kansas Playoff," due to its origins for high school football in that state. A brief summary of the rules
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