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Transportation or penal transportation refers to the deporting of convicted criminals to a penal colony, for example by France to Devil's Island and by the United Kingdom (then including Ireland) to its colonies in The Americas, from the 1610s through the American Revolution in the 1770s, and Australia between 1788 and 1868. Transportation punished both major and petty crimes in Great Britain and Ireland from the 17th century until well into the 19th century. A sentence could be for life or a specific period. The penal system required the convicts to work, on government projects such as road construction, building works and mining, or assigned to free individuals as unpaid labour. Women were expected to work as domestic servants and farm labourers. A convict who had served part of his time might apply for a ticket of leave permitting some prescribed freedoms. This enabled some convicts to resume a more normal life, to marry and raise a family, and a few to develop the colonies while removing them from the society. Exile was an essential component and thought a major deterrent. Transportation was also seen as a humane alternative to execution, which would most likely have been the sentence to many if transportation had not been introduced. In British colonial India, opponents of British rule were transported to the Cellular Jail in the Andaman islands.
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