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Plant embryogenesis refers to the process of development of plant embryos, being either a sexual or asexual reproductive process that forms new plants. Embryogenesis may occur naturally in the plant as a result of sexual fertilization, and these embryos are called zygotic embryos and develop into seeds, which can germinate and give rise to seedlings. Plant cells can also be induced to form embryos in plant tissue culture; these embryos are called somatic embryos. An embryo is made up of actively growing cells and the term is normally used to describe the early formation of tissue in the first stages of growth. It can refer to different stages of the sporophyte and gametophyte plant. In both gymnosperms and angiosperms, the young plant contained in the seed, begins as a developing egg-cell formed after fertilization (sometimes without fertilization in a process called apomixis) and becomes a plant embryo. This embryonic condition also occurs in the buds that form on stems. The buds have tissue that has differentiated but not grown into complete structures. They can be in a resting state over winter or when conditions are dry, and then commence growth when conditions become suitable. Before they start growing into stem, leaves, or flowers, the buds are said to be in an embryonic state. The zygotic embryo is formed following double fertilisation of the ovule, forming the plant embryo and the endosperm which together go on to develop into a seed. Seeds may also develop without fertilization through pathways referred to as apomixis.
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