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Punjabi (?????? in Gurmukhi script, ?????? in Shahmukhi script, Pañjabi in transliteration) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by inhabitants of the historical Punjab region (now split between India and Pakistan) and their diasporas. Speakers include adherents of the Religions of mainly Sikhism, but also Islam and Hinduism. It has over 120 million native speakers, which makes it approximately the 10th most widely spoken language in the world. [1]</ref>[1][2] The written standard for Punjabi for at least 1000 years has been based on the Majhi dialect, the dialect of the historical region of Majha,[3] which spans the Lahore, Sheikhupura, Kasur, Gujranwala, Sialkot, and Narowal Districts of the Pakistani Province of Punjab and Amritsar District and Gurdaspur District of the Indian State of Punjab.[4] The Punjabis found in Pakistan are composed of various social groups (caste) and economic groups. Muslim Rajputs, Jat, Gujjars, Gakhars, Khatri or Punjabi Shaikhs, Kambohs, Gujjars, Awans, and Arains, comprising the main tribes in the north, while Gilanis, Gardezis, Syeds and Quraishis are found in the south. There are Pashtun tribes like the Niazis and the lodhis, which are very much integrated into Punjabi village life. Especially the members of the Niazi tribe, who see themselves as Punjabis first. especially in major urban cities have diverse origins, with many post Islamic settlers tracing their origin to Afghanistan, Persia, Arabia, Kashmir and Central Asia.[5] Punjabi is spoken as a native language by 3% of Indians, esp. the followers of Sikhism. Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab and the shared state capital Chandigarh. It is one of the official second languages of the states of Delhi and Haryana. The Punjabis found in India are composed of various ethnic groups, tribal groups, social groups (caste) and economic groups. Some major sub-groups of Punjabis in India include (alphabetical order) Jats, Rajputs, Ahirs, Arora, Bania, Bhatia, Brahmin, Gujjar, Kalals/Ahluwalias, Kambojs, Khatris, Labanas, Saini, Sood and Tarkhan. Most of these groups can be further sub-divided into clans and family groups.
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