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Shock is a serious, life-threatening medical condition where insufficient blood flow reaches the body tissues. As the blood carries oxygen and nutrients around the body, reduced flow hinders the delivery of these components to the tissues, and can stop the tissues from functioning properly. The process of blood entering the tissues is called perfusion, so when perfusion is not occurring properly this is called a hypoperfusional (hypo = below) state. Medical shock should not be confused with the emotional state of shock, as the two are not related. Medical shock is a life-threatening medical emergency and one of the most common causes of death for critically-ill people. Shock can have a variety of effects, all with similar outcomes, but all relate to a problem with the body's circulatory system. For example, shock may lead to hypoxia (a lack of oxygen in the body tissues) or cardiac arrest (the heart stopping).[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] There are four stages of shock. As it is a complex and continuous condition there is no sudden transition from one stage to the next.[8] In 1972 Hinshaw and Cox suggested the following classification which is still used today.[1] It uses four types of shock hypovolaemic, cardiogenic, distributive and obstructive shock[2][3][4][7][9]
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