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The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a top-ranked coeducational public research university in the state of Michigan. The university was founded in 1817 in Detroit, about 20 years before the territory of Michigan officially became a state, and moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. It is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus; there are two regional campuses—the University of Michigan-Flint and the University of Michigan–Dearborn. The university is internationally renowned, graduating the late U.S. President Gerald Ford, Supreme Court Justices, as well as numerous heads of states around the world. It is currently ranked 18th in the world by "The Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings, and 21st overall by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Institute for Higher Education rankings.[2] In its last published survey in 1995, the National Research Council ranked UM 3rd in the United States in a study that aggregated evaluations of 41 graduate disciplines[3] and is considered as one of the original eight Public Ivys.[4] The university also has one of the largest research expenditures of any American university and the largest number of living alumni, at 460,000.[5] UM owns one of the most well-regarded academic medical centers in the United States, the University of Michigan Health System.[6] The university is also recognized for its history of student activism and its athletic teams, notably in football, men's basketball, and ice hockey. The University of Michigan charges relatively high student fees; in 2007, tuition for out-of-state students was higher than at any other public institution in the US.[7] The university has also been at the center of a national controversy involving the use of affirmative action in admissions. Though the university successfully affirmed before the U.S. Supreme Court that consideration of race as a factor in admissions to universities was constitutional for the holistic Law School admissions process in 2003,[8] the Supreme Court also expressed an opinion on the degree to which race could be used by striking down the policy for undergraduate admissions in a separate court case. The former policy automatically awarded 20 points to underrepresented minority applicants in its points-based system.[9] Michigan voters responded by approving restrictions on affirmative action in public universities and governmental hiring in November 2006, forcing the university to cease using race and gender as criteria for admissions.[10] The University has recently announced that its Michigan Difference Campaign has raised over $3.1 billion to date, the largest known financial campaign ever by a public university [11]. The University of Michigan was established in Detroit in 1817 as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, by the governor and judges of Michigan Territory. Ann Arbor had set aside 40&_160;acres (16&_160;ha) that it hoped would become the site for a new state capitol, but it offered this land to the university when Lansing was chosen as the state capital. The university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. The original 40&_160;acres became part of the current Central Campus. The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen and a sophomore, taught by two professors. Eleven students graduated in the first commencement in 1845. By 1866, enrollment increased to 1,205 students, many of whom were Civil War veterans. Women were first admitted in 1870, making UM the first major university to do so. James B. Angell, who served as the university's president from 1871 to 1909, aggressively expanded UM's curriculum to include professional studies in dentistry, architecture, engineering, government, and medicine. UM also became the first American university to use the seminar method of study.[12]
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